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主题 : 相似词语辨析[竹影无风订正版]
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50  发表于: 2004-05-10   
『相似词语辨析【51】diary,dairy和daily』


diary,dairy,daily


这三个词的外貌颇相像,但读音和词义各不相同。


Diary/'dairi/是“日记”(a daily record of events in one's life)或“日记本”。例:


Keeping a diary will do us a lot of good.


记日记对我们大有裨益。


I got out my diary and made a note in it.


我掏出日记本,在上面作了摘录。


Dairy/'de+ri/是“牛奶店”或“乳品场”( a place where milk,butter or cheese is produced or sold)。例:


The dairy farm keeps many dairy cows.


乳牛场饲养了很多乳牛。


Dairy products are among the chief exports of Australia.


乳制品是澳洲主要出口之一。


Daily/'deili/是“日报”(newspaper sold every day);它亦可用作形容词和副词,表示“每日”(every day)之意。如:


We have subscribed to the China Daily.(n.)


我们已订阅《中国日报》。


We made daily visits to him when he was hospitalized.(adj.)


他在住院期间,我们每天都去探望他。


They phoned the hospital daily to find how he was.(adv.)


他们每天打电话给医院询问他的病况。


在英语里,与之类似的词语不少,现举两例,以见一斑:

calendar 日历;一览表
calender 轧光机;轧纸或轧布的滚压机
colander 滤具(底上有许多孔,用以滤清液体)

canon 法典;圣经;准则
cannon 大炮
canyon 峡谷

salon 沙龙;名流集会的场所
saloon 大厅;(船上的)客舱
sarong (马来群岛妇女或男子穿的)莎笼围裙
[此贴被竹影无风在2004-06-15 19:48重新编辑]
        风来疏竹,风过而竹不留声;
                   雁渡寒潭,雁去而潭不留影。
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51  发表于: 2004-05-10   
『相似词语辨析【52】disability和inability』


disability,inability



这一对词都表示“无能”之意,但涵义有细微的差异。


Disability着重表示“因受伤而变残废所引起的无能”(lacking ability caused by injury)或“因天生的缺陷而导致的无能”(inherent defect);用于法律方面,它表示“不够资格”、“不合格”(legal disqualification)之意。例:


He has a disability pension because he lost his legs while he was in the army.


他领取伤残抚恤金,因为他在军队服役时失去了双腿。


He was always cheerful in spite of his disability.


他虽然有残疾(残废),但心情一直很愉快。


Inability 着重表示“缺少能力”或“缺乏手段”(lack of power or means)的意味。如:


His inability to undertake the work is due to his physical


disabilities.


他没有能力承担该工作,是由于他的残疾。


Can you account for your inability to pay the debt?


您能否解释无法偿债的原因吗?
        风来疏竹,风过而竹不留声;
                   雁渡寒潭,雁去而潭不留影。
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52  发表于: 2004-05-13   
『相似词语辨析【53】disarmed和unarmed』


disarmed,unarmed


这两个词都是动词 to arm的派生词,由过去分词armed加否定前缀 dis-,un-而成,可是它们的涵义并不相同。


Disarmed的意思是“被解除武装的”(be taken away all one's weapons),例如: disarmed rebels、disarmed captives、disarmed regiments、disarmed bandits。例:


The police are cross-questioning the disarmed bandits.


警方正在讯问那些被缴械的匪徒。


The disamed rebels are given a reprieve.


被缴械的叛乱份子获缓刑。


有时,disarmed亦可用作譬喻意义,如:disarmed by a smile(one's charming manner or smart dress)。例:


He was disamed by her smile.


她的笑容使他失去警觉。


请注意,在此例中,disarmed用作谓语动词,不是定语。


Unarmed的意思是“不带武器的”、“没有武装的”。例:


They are unarmed plain-clothes men.


他们是不带武器的便衣警察。


All the ships are unarmed.


所有的船都是没有武装的。


有时,unarmed亦可转义,表示“无防备的”意味。例如:


The soldiers were shooting the unarmed crowd.


士兵们在向毫无防备(手无寸铁)的人群开枪。


与之类似区别的词有:

mismanaged 处理不当的;管理不妥的
unmanaged 没有管理的

disapproved 遭到反对的
unapproved 未经同意或批准的

discovered 被发现的
uncovered 无掩护的;无掩盖物的

discoloured 变了色或褪了色的
uncoloured 未染色的;未加色彩的

disconnected 无条理的;支离破碎的
unconnected 不连接的;分离的
[此贴被竹影无风在2004-06-18 15:50重新编辑]
        风来疏竹,风过而竹不留声;
                   雁渡寒潭,雁去而潭不留影。
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53  发表于: 2004-05-13   
『相似词语辨析【54】discover和invent』


discover,invent


这两个词都是动词,都指人们首先见到的新鲜事物而言,但涵义有异。


Discover指初次看见本来已存在但以前未被发现的事物(to find out something existing but not yet known),故作“发现”解。如:


Columbus discovered America but he did not explore the new continent.


哥伦布发现了美洲,可是他没有去探索这个新大陆。


Modern astronomers have discovered a million such galaxies.


现代的天文学家已发现了一百万类似的星群。


The circulation of blood was discovered by Harvey.


血液循环是哈维发现的。


Invent是指创造前所未有的事物(to create or design some thing not existing before),故作“发明”解。例:


Edison invented the electric light bulb.


爱迪生发明了电灯泡。


A new-type stethoscope has yet to be invented.


新型的听诊器有待发明。


有时候,invent还可作“捏造”解。例:


Don't you know a lie is always invented?


谎言总是捏造出来的,难道你不知道吗?


We must invent an excuse for being late.


我们必须编造一个迟到的理由。


Discover的名词是 discovery;invent的名词是invention。“发现者”是 discoverer;“发明家”是inventor。


下面是discovery和invention的例句,从中可以看出,它们之间的涵义区别和动词相同:


Columbus's discovery was at first misunderstood.


The invention of calculating machines led to the invention of computers.
        风来疏竹,风过而竹不留声;
                   雁渡寒潭,雁去而潭不留影。
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54  发表于: 2004-05-15   
楼主继续努力啊!
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55  发表于: 2004-05-15   
『相似词语辨析【55】discreet和discrete』


discreet,discrete


这一组词的读音相同,拼法相近,又都是形容词故很易混淆。


Discreet的意思是“(言行)谨慎的”、“慎重的”“有判断力的”(not saying too much;showing good sense and judgment),它的名词是 discretion。例:


The action he takes is far from discreet.


他所采取的行动很不谨慎。


You must show more discretion in choosing your friends.


你在选择朋友时要谨慎些。


反义词是鲁莽:indiscreet(形容词)及 indiscretion (名词)。


Discrete的意思是“分离的”、“不联络的”、“各异的”(separate,disjoined or individually distinct)。它的名词是 discreteness。例:


This proposition contains two discrete parts.


这个建议由两个不同的部分组成。


Our company is made up of many samll,discrete units.


我们的公司由许多小的各自分立的单位组成。
        风来疏竹,风过而竹不留声;
                   雁渡寒潭,雁去而潭不留影。
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56  发表于: 2004-05-15   
『相似词语辨析【56】distinct和distinctive』


distinct,distinctive


这一对词都是形容词,拼法也相近,但涵义不同。


Distinct的意思是“分明的”、“明了的”、“清楚的”(well-marked,clearly defined or easily discernible)。例:


The photo you took in Hong Kong Cultural Centre is not distinct enough.


你在香港文化中心拍的那张照片不够清晰。


She has a distinct pronunciation.


她的发音清楚。


There is a distinct smell of smoke in my room.


我的房间里有一股明显的香烟味。


有时候,distinct还可用以表示“不同的”、“有区别的”意味。如:


This picture is distinct from that.


这幅图和那幅不同。


The twins have distinct personalities.


这对双胞胎的个性并不相同。


Distinctive的意思是“表示差别的”、“有特色的”、“特殊的”(marking or showing a difference)。例如:


Can you find the distinctive watermarks of this stamp?


你能找到这枚邮票上有明显的水纹吗?


Pupils in Hong Kong usually have distinctive badges on their school uniforms.


在香港,小学生的校服上常戴有颇具特色的徽章。


现将distinct和distinctive用在一个句子里,以便区分:


One of the distinctive features of this book is its distinct illustrations.


本书的特点之一就是具清楚明了的图解。
        风来疏竹,风过而竹不留声;
                   雁渡寒潭,雁去而潭不留影。
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57  发表于: 2004-05-16   
『相似词语辨析【57】due to和owing to』


due to,owing to


这一对词组都表示“因为”、“由于”之意,但用法和使用场合有所不同。


在标准英语里,due to只能用以引导形容词短语,不可引导副词短语。例如:


Our delay was due to heavy traffic.


Mistakes due to carelessness may have serious consequences.


在第一例中,due to引导的短语在句中作表语,用在 verb“to be”之后;在第二例中,due to引导的短语作定语,修饰前面的主语mistakes。主张语言纯正者(purists)认为,due to不能引导副词短语,因此,下列句中的 due to应改为 owing to或 because of:


Due to ill health,he could not attend the meeting


由于健康不佳,他不能参加会议。


事实上,在现代英语中,due to也经常用以引导副词短语,下面数句均摘自英美刊物:


Due to the weather,the flight was cancelled.


He failed due to carelessness.


The population of Pennsylvania increased from 50,000 in 1730 to more than 200,000 in 1763,due in large part to the thousands of Scotch-Irish.


…in America,where women began to predominate from pioneer times,due to their scarcity and greater demands.


Owing to如同 because of或 on account of一样,是个介词,只能引导副词短语。例:


Owing to the rain,they could not come.


由于下雨,他们不能来了。


Owing to a traffic hold-up,I missed my flight.


由于交通堵塞,我赶不上航班。


The project fell through because of poor planning.


工程告吹是因为缺乏周详策划。


The university faced a cost overrun on account of miscalculation.


大学经费超支是因为预计错误。


上面提过,在今日英语中,以上的 owing to/because of/on account of都可以用due to代替。
        风来疏竹,风过而竹不留声;
                   雁渡寒潭,雁去而潭不留影。
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58  发表于: 2004-05-17   
『相似词语辨析【58】during和for』


during,for


介词for引导时间状语时,很易和during混淆不清。它们的区别如下:


(一)during用在已知的时期、节日或表示时间观念的名词之前,其后通常接the、this、that、these、those、my、your、his……等词。例:


during the last four days(the spring of 1995)


during the winter(war,economic crisis of 1929)


during that time(the course of the play)


during my holidays(summer vacation)


during her absence(interview)


during our stay in Japan(their visit here)


而for则用以表示“有限的”或“无限的”时间概念,通常其后接冠词、数词,复数名词或副词ever。例如:


for the first time(a time,a while)


for a couple of weeks(days)


for two months(weeks)


for many years(generations)


for years(months)


for ever(ages)


(二)during的涵义是“当……之际”,它既可指某个动作在某个时期里连续不断地进行,也可以指某个动作在这段时期里的某个时间发生。如:


He was sick for a week and during that week he was placed in an infirmary.


他病了一个星期,在这个星期里,他住在护养院。


It snowed all day but stopped snowing during that night.


下了一整天雪,到晚上才停了。


而for的涵义是指某个动作在某个时期里处于连续不断的状态。如:


They worked for the whole day.


他们干了一整天。


在某些场合下,for含有“预先安排”或“为了某一目的”之涵义。表示此意味时,大都和come、go、stay、lend、rent、hire等词连用。例:


I went to Europe for the holidays.


我到欧洲度假去了。


They will stay with us for the New Year.


他们将和我们在一起,共度新年。


We're off for our honeymoon.


我们要去度蜜月。


May I borrow your camera for Christmas?


我可否借你的照相机在圣诞节时使用?
        风来疏竹,风过而竹不留声;
                   雁渡寒潭,雁去而潭不留影。
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59  发表于: 2004-05-20   
『相似词语辨析【59】each和every』


each,every


这两个词都有“每个”的意思,词义相近,但内涵和使用场合有所不同。


(一)each既可作形容词,又可作代词;every只能作形容词。例:


Each participant may try twice.(adj.)


每个参与者可尝试两次。


Each of them has done his work.(pron.)


他们各自干了自己的工作。


Every member has a share in the profits made by the company.(adj.)


每个会员可分享公司的盈利。


(二)each表示“各自”的意味,指一个整体中的个别人或事物;every表示“每个”之意,含有“全体”、“全部”之意味,因此,我们可以说:


Every boy was there and each did his part.


每个男孩都出席并各尽其力。


从此例可见,every是从“整体”来看;而each是从“个别”来看。


(三)each用于两个或两个以上的人或事物;every 用于三个或三个以上的人或事物。例:


The pavement on each side is crowded with pedestrians.


每边的行人道上挤满路人。


I enjoy every minute of the party.


联欢会的每一分钟我都玩得很痛快。


(四)在each和every通用的场合里,every的语气比each重,例如在下句中,用every比较适合,因为它的语势较强:


Every form of society,every way of thinking has its particular contradiction and particular quality.


每一种社会形态和每一种思想形式,都有它的特殊的矛盾和特殊的性质。


(五)有时候,人们为了加重语气,故意把each和every用在一起。例如:


The professor wants each and every student to be present before eight o'clock.


值得注意的是,each不可以和否定式的动词连用,例如,我们不可以说:Each did not succeed.而应说:


Each failed.


表示 each的否定涵义用语是:neither,no one或 not every one。如:


Neither(or Not every one)of them was in good health.
        风来疏竹,风过而竹不留声;
                   雁渡寒潭,雁去而潭不留影。
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