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主题 : 英语中常见句型和语法简单归纳
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英语中常见句型和语法简单归纳


1.倒装语句
1.1 倒装句之全部倒装

 全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和 一般过去时。常见的结构有:
 1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。
  There goes the bell.
  Then came the chairman.
  Here is your letter.
 2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首,谓语表示运动的动词。
  Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.
  Ahead sat an old woman.
 注意:上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词,如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。
   Here he comes.    Away they went.



1.2 倒装句之部分倒装

  部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词,则需添加助动词do, does或did,并将其置于主语之前。

 1) 句首为否定或半否定的词语,如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。
  Never have I seen such a performance.
  Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.
  Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
 当Not until引出主从复合句,主句倒装,从句不倒装。

注意: 如否定词不在句首不倒装。
   I have never seen such a performance.
   The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.

典型例题  

1) Why can't I smoke here?
  At no time___ in the meeting-room
A. is smoking permitted  B. smoking is permitted
C. smoking is it permitted D. does smoking permit
答案A. 这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时,其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。 这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.

2) Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.
  A. man did know  B. man know  C. didn't man know  D. did man know
 答案D.  看到Not until…的句型,我们知道为一倒装句,答案在C,D 中选一个。
 改写为正常语序为,Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 现在将not提前,后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。




1.3 以否定词开头作部分倒装

  如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than
  Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.
  Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.
  No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.

典型例题
No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily.
A. the game began      B. has the game begun
C. did the game begin    D. had the game begun
答案D. 以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时,一般采用倒装句(谓语前置)。这类表示否定意义的词有never, seldom, scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, 以及not only…but (also), no sooner…than, hardly… when scarcely… when 等等。

注意:只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时,才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语,不可用倒装结构。
  Not only you but also I am fond of music.




1.4 so, neither, nor作部分倒装

  表示"也"、"也不" 的句子要部分倒装。    
  Tom can speak French. So can Jack.
  If you won't go, neither will I.

典型例题
 ---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?
 ---I don't know, _____.
 A. nor don't I care  B. nor do I care  C. I don't care neither  D. I don't care also
答案:B. nor为增补意思"也不关心",因此句子应倒装。A错在用 don't 再次否定, C neither 用法不对且缺乏连词。 D缺乏连词。

  注意: 当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时,不可用倒装结构。意为"的确如此"。
  Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.
  ---It's raining hard.   ---So it is.




1.5 only在句首要倒装的情况

  Only in this way, can you learn English well.
  Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.
  如果句子为主从复合句,则主句倒装,从句不倒装
  Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.



1.6 as, though 引导的倒装句

  as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 (形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前)。

注意:
    1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。
    2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,  随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
   Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.

注意:
  让步状语从句中,有though,although时,后面的主句不能有but,但是 though 和yet可连用。




1.7 其他部分倒装

1)  so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时,需倒装。
   So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.

2) 在某些表示祝愿的句型中:
  May you all be happy.

3) 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词,可将if 省略,把 were, had, should 移到主语之前,采取部分倒装。
  Were I you, I would try it again.

典型例题:
1) Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is  
A. man did know  B. man knew  C. didn't man know  D. did man know
答案为D. 否定词Not在句首,要求用部分倒装的句子结构。

2) Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted. 
A. didn't I realize  B. did I realize  C. I didn't realize D. I realize
 答案为B。

3) Do you know Tom bought a new car?
 I don't know, ___.
 A. nor don't I care  B. nor do I care 
 C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also
 解析:答案为B. 句中的nor引出部分倒装结构,表示"也不"。由 so, neither, nor引导的倒装句,表示前一情况的重复出现。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中。


[此贴被qq007在2004-08-20 23:03重新编辑]
[此贴被qq007在2004-08-24 3:02重新编辑]
除了脚印,什么也不
该留下;
除了记忆,什么也不
该带走。
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2. 独立主格 (续)
2. 独立主格

2.1 独立主格

(一): 独立主格结构的构成:
名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词;
名词(代词)+形容词;
名词(代词)+副词;
名词(代词)+不定式;
名词(代词) +介词短语构成。 

(二) 独立主格结构的特点:
  1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。
  2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定 式,介词等是主谓关系。
  3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例:
  The test finished, we began our holiday.
 = When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
  考试结束了,我们开始放假。
  
  The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
 = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
  总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。

  Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 
  如果天气允许,我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home.   
  工作完成后,我们才回家。

  The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 
  会议结束后,每个人都想早点回家。

  He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里,耳朵冻坏了。
  
  He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
 他夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆



2.2 With的复合结构作独立主格

  表伴随时,既可用分词的独立结构,也可用with的复合结构。
  with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语
举例: He stood there, his hand raised.
  = He stood there, with his hand raise.

典型例题
  The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
A. being tied  B. having tied  C. to be tied  D. tied  
  答案D. with +名词(代词)+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时,其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系,因此用过去分词,选D.  

注意:

1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题:
  当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词),也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制
  A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. 
  ( hand前不能加his)。     

2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,及物动词用现在分 词,不及物动词用过去分词。
  He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
 
典型例题:
 Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.
 A permitted  B permitting  C permits  D for permitting
  答案B. 本题中没有连词,它不是复合句,也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号,且we 小写,可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断,本句中使用的是独立结构, 其结构为:名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许',表主动,应用现在分词,故选B。
  如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式,不妨将句子改为条件句,例如本句改为If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉,再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。
除了脚印,什么也不
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除了记忆,什么也不
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3. 动词的语态
3. 动词的语态

  语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。
  主语是动作的发出者为主动语态;主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。
 1)若宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式,变为被动语态 时,该不定式前要加"to"。此类动词为感官动词。
feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch

  The teacher made me go out of the classroom.
--> I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).
  We saw him play football on the playground.
--> He was seen to play football on the playground.

 2)情态动词+ be +过去分词,构成被动语态。
   Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry.



3.1 let 的用法

 1)当let后只有一个单音节动词,变被动语态时,可用不带to 的不定式。
   They let the strange go.---> The strange was let go.
 
 2) 若let 后宾补较长时,let 通常不用被动语态,而用allow或permit 代替。
  The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital.
  ----> I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.



3.2 短语动词的被动语态

 短语动词是一个整体,不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。
  This is a photo of the power station that has been set up in my hometown.
  My sister will be taken care of by Grandma.  
  Such a thing has never been heard of before..



3.3 表示"据说"或"相信" 的词组

  believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand

It is said that…   据说  
It is reported that… 据报道   
It is believed that… 大家相信     
It is hoped that… 大家希望
It is well known that… 众所周知  
It is thought that… 大家认为
It is suggested that… 据建议     
It is taken granted that…  被视为当然 
It has been decided that… 大家决定  
It must be remember that…务必记住的是

It is said that she will leave for Wuhan on Tuesday.



3.4 不用被动语态的情况

 1) 不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态:
appear, die disappear, end (vi. 结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand
break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place.
 After the fire, very little remained of my house.

 比较: rise, fall, happen是不及物动词;raise, seat是及物动词。
  
 (错) The price has been risen.
 (对) The price has risen.
 (错) The accident was happened last week.   
 (对) The accident happened last week.
 (错) The price has raised.          
 (对) The price has been raised.
 (错) Please seat.              
 (对) Please be seated.
  要想正确地使用被动语态,就须注意哪些动词是及物的,哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。

  2) 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语:
fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to

 This key just fits the lock.
 Your story agrees with what had already been heard.
 
  3) 系动词无被动语态:
appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn
   It sounds good.
 
  4) 带同源宾语的及物动词,反身代词,相互代词,不能用于被动语态:
die, death, dream, live, life
  She dreamed a bad dream last night.
 
  5) 当宾语是不定式时,很少用于被动语态。
   (对) She likes to swim.
   (错) To swim is liked by her.



3.5 主动形式表示被动意义

 1)wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell, drive…
  The book sells well.  这本书销路好。
  This knife cuts easily.  这刀子很好用。


 2)blame, let(出租), remain, keep, rent, build
  I was to blame for the accident.
  Much work remains.


 3) 在need, require, want, worth (形容词), deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。
  The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired.
  This room needs cleaning. 这房间应该打扫一下。
  This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。


 4) 特殊结构:make sb. heard / understood (使别人能听见/理解自己),have sth. done ( 要某人做某事)。




3.6 被动形式表示主动意义

be determined, be pleased, be graduated (from), be finished, be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get marries
  He is graduated from a famous university.
  他毕业于一所有名的大学。

注意: 表示同某人结婚,用marry sb. 或get married to sb. 都可。
  He married a rich girl.
  He got married to a rich girl.



3.7 need/want/require/worth

  注意:当 need, want, require, worth(形容词)后面接doing也可以表示被动。
   Your hair wants cutting. 你的头发该理了。
   The floor requires washing. 地板需要冲洗。
   The book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。

典型例题
  The library needs___, but it'll have to wait until Sunday. 
A. cleaning  B. be cleaned  C. clean  D. being cleaned
  答案A. need (实意) +n /to do,need (情态)+ do,当为被动语态时,还可need + doing. 本题考最后一种用法,选A。如有to be clean 则也为正确答案。
典:done,"不可能已经"。must not do 不可以(用于一般现在时)。
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4. 冠词和数词
4. 冠词和数词

4.1 不定冠词的用法

  冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种,一种是定冠词(the Definite Article),另一种是不定冠词(the Indefinite Article),还有一种是零冠词(Zero Article)。
  不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源,是"一个"的意思。a用于辅音音素前,一般读作[e],而an则用于元音音素前,一般读做[en]。
 1) 表示"一个",意为one;指某人或某物,意为a certain。
   A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.

 2) 代表一类人或物。
   A knife is a tool for cutting with.
   Mr. Smith is an engineer.

 3) 词组或成语。
   a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden



4.2 定冠词的用法

  定冠词the与指示代词this,that同源,有"那(这)个"的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。
 1)特指双方都明白的人或物:
   Take the medicine. 把药吃了。
 2)上文提到过的人或事:
   He bought a house. I've been to the house.
   他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。
 3)指世上独一物二的事物:
  the sun, the sky, the moon, the earth
 4)单数名词连用表示一类事物,如:the dollar 美元;
the fox 狐狸;或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人:the rich 富人; the living 生者。
 5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词only, very, same等前面:
   Where do you live? I live on the second floor.  你住在哪?我住在二层。
   That's the very thing I've been looking for.  那正是我要找的东西。
 6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体:
  They are the teachers of this school.指全体教师)
  They are teachers of this school.  (指部分教师)
 7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前:
  She caught me by the arm.. 她抓住了我的手臂。
 8)用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前:
  the People's Republic of China  中华人民共和国
  the United States  美国
 9)用在表示乐器的名词之前:  She plays the piano. 她会弹钢琴。
 10) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人:
    the Greens  格林一家人 (或格林夫妇)
 11) 用在惯用语中:
   in the day, in the morning (afternoon,evening), the day after tomorrow 
the day before yesterday, the next morning, 
in the sky (water,field,country) 
in the dark, in the rain, in the distance, 
in the middle (of), in the end,
on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre

4.3 零冠词的用法

 1) 国名,人名前通常不用定冠词:England,Mary;
 2)泛指的复数名词,表示一类人或事物时,可不用定冠词;
  They are teachers. 他们是教师。
 3)抽象名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词;
  Failure is the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母。
 4)物质名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词,当表示特定的意思时,需要加定冠词;
  Man cannot live without water. 人离开水就无法生存。
 5)在季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词;
  We go to school from Monday to Friday.  我们从星期一到星期五都上课。
 6)在称呼或表示官衔,职位的名词前不加冠词;
  The guards took the American to General Lee.
  士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。
 7)在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前,不加冠词 如:have breakfast,play chess
 8)当两个或两个以上名词并用时,常省去冠词;
  I can't write without pen or pencil.  没有钢笔和铅笔,我就写不了字。
 9)当by 与火车等交通工具连用,表示一种方式时,中间无冠词;by bus,by train;
 10)有些个体名词不用冠词;如:
  school,college,prison,market,hospital,bed,table,class,town,church,court 等个体名词,直接置于介词后,表示该名词的深层含义;
    go to hospital  去医院看病
    go to the hospital  去医院 (并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)
 11)不用冠词的序数词;
 a. 序数词前有物主代词
 b. 序数词作副词  He came first in the race.
 c. 在固定词组中  at (the) first,first of all,  from first to last


4.4 冠词与形容词+名词结构

 1) 两个形容词都有冠词,表示两个不同东西。
   He raises a black and a white cat.  他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。
  The black and the white cats are hers.  这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。
 2) 如后一个形容词无冠词,则指一物。
   He raises a black and white cat.  他养了一只花猫。
  

4.5 冠词位置

 1) 不定冠词位置
 不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意: 
 a. 位于下列形容词之后: such,what,many,half,
   I have never seen such an animal.
   Many a man is fit for the job.

 b. 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后:
   It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.
   So short a time.
   Too long a distance.

 c. quite,rather与单数名词连用,冠词放在其后。
但当rather,quite 前仍有形容词,不定冠词放其前后均可。如:quite a lot

 d. 在as,though 引导的让步状语从句中,当标语为形容词修饰的名词时,不定冠词放形容词后:
    Brave a man though he is,he trembles at the sight of snakes. 他尽管勇敢,可见到蛇还是发抖。
   当名词被比较级形容词修饰时,不定冠词通常置于比较级形容词之后。

2) 定冠词位置
  定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前,但放在all, both,double,half,twice,three times等词之后,名词之前。
  All the students in the class went out. 班里的所有学生都出去了。
4.6 数词

  表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。
 一、基数词
  1)基数词写法和读法: 345 three hundred and forty-five;
  2)基数词一般是单数形式,但下列情况,常用复数:
   a. 与of 短语连用,表示概数,不能与具体数目连 用,如scores of people 指许多人;
   b. 在一些表示"一排"或"一组"的词组里;
  如:They arrived in twos and threes. 他们三三两两的到达了。
   c. 表示"几十岁";
   d. 表示"年代",用 in +the +数词复数;
   e. 在乘法运算的一种表示法里,如:3 x 5 = 15 Three fives is (are) fifteen.

 二、序数词
  序数词的缩写形式: first---1st second---2nd thirty-first---31st 

 三、 数词的用法
  1)倍数表示法
   a. 主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+ as + adj. + as
    I have three times as many as you. 我有你三倍那么多。

   b. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ the size (amount,length…) of…
    The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. 地球是月球的49倍。

   c. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ 形容词(副词)比较级+ than…
   The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.
   今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。

   d. 还可以用by+倍数,表示增加多少倍
   The production of grain has been increased by four times this year.
   今年粮食产量增加了4倍。

  2)分数表示法
  构成:基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。分子大于1时,分子的序数词用单数,分母序数词用复数:
  1/3 one-third ; 3/37 three and three-sevenths.
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5. 代词 (上)
5. 代词

  代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、自身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。

 一、人称代词是表示"我"、"你"、"他"、"她"、"它"、
"我们"、"你们"、"他们"的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化,见下表:

  数      单数     复数      
  格    主格  宾格  主格  宾格    
  第一人称  I    me   we   us   
  第二人称 you   you  you   you   
        he    him  they   them  
  第三人称 she   her  they   them   
        it    it   they   them  

  如:He is my friend. 他是我的朋友。
    It's me. 是我。

 二、 物主代词表示所有关系的代词,也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词二种,其人物和数的变化见下表。


 数     单数       复数         
人称   第一 第二 第三  第一 第二 第三
     人称 人称  人称  人称 人称 人称    
形容词性 my your his/her  its our your/their
物主代词                       

名词性  mine yours his/hers its ours yours/theirs
物主代词                       

  如: I like his car.
    我喜欢他的小汽车。
     Our school is here,and theirs is there. 
    我们的学校在这儿,他们的在那儿。

 三、 指示代词表示"那个"、"这个"、"这些"、"那些"等指示概念的代词。指示代词有this,that,these,those等。
  如: That is a good idea.   那是个好主意。

 四、 表示"我自己"、"你自己"、"他自己"、"我们自己"、"你们自己"和"他们自己"等的代词,叫做自身代词,也称为"反身代词"。
  如: She was talking to herself.  她自言自语。

 五、 表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词,有each other 和one another两组,但在运用中,这两组词没什么区别。
  如: They love each other.  他们彼此相爱。
 
 六、 不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有a11,both,each,every等,以及含有some-,any-,no-等的合成代词,如anybody, something,no one。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语, 但none和由some,any,no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语;every和no只能作定语。如:

--- Do you have a car?  --你有一辆小汽车吗?
--- Yes,I have one.  --是的,我有一辆。
--- I don't know any of them.  他们,我一个也不认识。

 七、 疑问代词有who,whom,whose,what和which等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词,引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句)
  如:Tell me who he is.  告诉我他是谁。

 八、 关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which,as等,可用作引导从句的关联词。它们在定语从句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等;另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词(通称为先行词)。
  如: He is the man whom you have been looking for.  他就是你要找的那个人。



5.1 人称代词的用法

1)人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或主语补语,例如:
  John waited a while but eventually he went home.
  约翰等了一会儿,最后他回家了。
  John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she.
  约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽,还真是她。

说明:在复合句中,如果主句和从句主语相同,代词主语要用在从句中,名词主语用在主句中,例如:
  When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.
  约翰一到就直接去银行了。

2)人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语,但在口语中也能作主语补语,第一人称在省略句中,还可以作主语,例如:
 I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.
 我看到她和他们在一起,至少我认为是她。(her做宾 语,them做介词宾语,her做主语补语)
   a. -- Who broke the vase? --谁打碎了花瓶?
   b. -- Me.    --我。(me做主语补语= It's me.)

说明:在上面两例句中,her和me分别作主语补语。现代英语中多用宾格,在正式文体中这里应为she和I。



5.2 人称代词之主、宾格的替换

1) 宾格代替主格
  a.在简短对话中,当人称代词单独使用或在not 后,多用宾语。
   ---- I like English.   --我喜欢英语。
   ---- Me too.       --我也喜欢。
   ---- Have more wine?   --再来点酒喝吗?
   ---- Not me.       --我可不要了。

  b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中,常用宾格代替主格。 但如果比较状语的谓语保留,则主语只能用主格。
    He is taller than I/me.
    He is taller than I am.

2) 主格代替宾格
  a. 在介词but,except 后,有时可用主格代替宾格。

  b. 在电话用语中常用主格。   
    ---- I wish to speak to Mary. --我想和玛丽通话。
    ---- This is she.       --我就是玛丽。

 注意:在动词be 或to be 后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。
    I thought it was she.   我以为是她。      (主格----主格)
    I thought it to be her.             (宾格----宾格)
    I was taken to be she.  我被当成了她。    (主格----主格)
    They took me to be her. 他们把我当成了她。   (宾格----宾格)



5.3 代词的指代问题

 1)不定代词 anybody,everybody,nobody,anyone, someone, everyone,no one, 及whoever和person在正式场合使用时,可用he, his, him代替。
   Nobody came, did he? 谁也没来,是吗?

 2)动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替,有时也用he, she,带有亲切的感情色彩。
   Give the cat some food. She is hungry. 给这猫一些吃的。她饿了。

 3)指代车或国家,船舶的名词,含感情色彩时常用she。



5.4 并列人称代词的排列顺序

 1) 单数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为:
    第二人称 -> 第三人称 -> 第一人称
      you -> he/she; it -> I
    You, he and I should return on time.
 2) 复数人称代词作主语时,其顺序为:
    第一人称 -> 第二人称 -> 第三人称
      we -> you   -> They
注意: 在下列情况中,第一人称放在前面。
   a. 在承认错误,承担责任时,
     It was I and John that made her angry.
     是我和约翰惹她生气了。

   b. 在长辈对晚辈,长官对下属说话时,如长官为第一人称, 如:I and you try to finish it.

   c. 并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时,

   d. 当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。



5.5 物主代词
 
 1)物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用,例如:
   John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.
  约翰割破了手指,显而易见,他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。

  物主代词有形容词性(my, your等)和名词性(mine, yours等)两种,形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。
  名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的 --'s属格结构,例如:
   Jack's cap  意为   The cap is Jack's.
   His cap   意为   The cap is his.

 2) 名词性物主代词的句法功能
  a. 作主语,例如:
   May I use your pen? Yours works better.
   我可以用一用你的钢笔吗? 你的比我的好用。
  
  b. 作宾语,例如:
   I love my motherland as much as you love yours.
   我爱我的祖国就像你爱你的祖国一样深。
  
  c. 作介词宾语,例如:
   Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.
   你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话,而不能按你自己的意义去解释。

  d. 作主语补语,例如:
    The life I have is yours. It's yours. It's yours. 我的生命属于你,属于你,属于你。



5.6 双重所有格

   物主代词不可与 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等词一起前置,修饰一个名词,而必须用双重所有格。
 公式为:
  a, an, this, that +名词+of +名词性物主代词。如:
    a friend of mine.
    each brother of his.



5.7 反身代词

 1) 列表
I     you     you     she    he
myself   yourself  yourselves herself himself

we     they     it    one
ourselves themselves  itself  oneself

 2)做宾语
  a. 有些动词需有反身代词
   absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave
   We enjoyed ourselves very much last night. 我们昨晚玩得很开心。
   Please help yourself to some fish.  请你随便吃点鱼。

  b. 用于及物动词+宾语+介词
   take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth.
   I could not dress (myself) up at that time. 那个时候我不能打扮我自己。
  
  注:有些动词后不跟反身代词, get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up等。
  Please sit down. 请坐。

 3) 作表语; 同位语
   be oneself: I am not myself today.  我今天不舒服。
   The thing itself is not important.  事情本身并不重要。
 

 4) 在不强调的情况下,but, except, for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如:
No one but myself (me) is hurt.
注意:
  a. 反身代词本身不能单独作主语。
   (错) Myself drove the car.
   (对) I myself drove the car. 我自己开车。
  b. 但在and, or, nor连接的并列主语中,第二个主语可用反身代词,特别是myself 作主语。
   Charles and myself saw it.

 5)第二人称作宾语,要用反身代词。
   You should be proud of yourself. 你应为自己感到骄傲。



5.8 相互代词

 1)相互代词只有each other和one another两个词组。他们表示句中动词所叙述的动作或感觉在涉及的各个对象之间是相互存在的,例如:
  It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other.
  显而易见,不同文化的人总是相互借鉴的。

 2) 相互代词的句法功能:
  a. 作动词宾语;
   People should love one another. 人们应当彼此相爱。

  b. 可作介词宾语;
   Does bark, cocks crow, frogs croak to each other.  吠、鸡鸣、蛙儿对唱。

 说明:传统语法认为,相互关系存在于两个人或物之间用each other, 存在于两个以上人和物之间用one another。现代英语中,两组词交替使用的实例也很多,例如:

   He put all the books beside each other.
    他把所有书并列摆放起来。
   He put all the books beside one another.
    他把所有书并列摆放起来。
   Usually these small groups were independent of each other.
    这些小团体通常是相互独立的。

  c. 相互代词可加-'s构成所有格,例如:
    The students borrowed each other's notes.
    学生们互借笔记。



5.9 指示代词

 1) 指示代词分单数(this / that)和复数(these / those)两种形式,既可作限定词又可做代词,例如:
      单数          复数
限定词:This girl is Mary.  Those men are my
               teachers.
代词: This is Mary.     Those are my
               teachers.

 2) 指示代词的句法功能;
  a. 作主语
    This is the way to do it.
    这事儿就该这样做。
  
   b. 作宾语
    I like this better than that.
    我喜欢这个甚至那个。

   c. 作主语补语
    My point is this.
    我的观点就是如此。

   d. 作介词宾语
    I don't say no to that.
    我并未拒绝那个。
    There is no fear of that.
    那并不可怕。
 说明1:
  指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人,但作其他句子成分时只能指物,不能指人,例如:
 (对)That is my teacher. 那是我的老师。( that作主语,指人)
 (对)He is going to marry this girl. 他要和这个姑娘结婚。(this作限定词)
 (错)He is going to marry this. (this作宾语时不能指人)
 (对)I bought this. 我买这个。(this指物,可作宾语)

 说明2:
  That和those可作定语从句的先行词,但this和 these不能,同时,在作先行词时,只有those可指人,试比较:
 (对) He admired that which looked beautiful. 他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。
 (对) He admired those who looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。(those指人)
 (错) He admired that who danced well. (that作宾语时不能指人)
 (对) He admired those who danced well. 他赞赏跳舞好的人。(those指人)
 (对) He admired those which looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西。(those指物)
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5.代词(下)
5.代词(续)
5.10 疑问代词

 1) 疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用,用来构成疑问句。疑问代词有下列几个:
  指 人: who, whom, whose
  指 物: what
  既可指人又可指物: which

 2) 疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前,没有性和数的变化,除who之外也没有格的变化。what, which, whose还可作限定词。试比较:

 疑问代词:Whose are these books on the desk? 
       桌上的书是谁的?
      What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion?
       美国的领土扩张是朝哪个方向的?
 限定词: Whose books are these on the desk?
       桌上的书是谁的?
      What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States?  哪些事件使密西西比河以东的大部分土地归属于美国?

 说明1:
   无论是做疑问代词还是限定词,which 和 what 所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的,而which则指在一定的范围内,例如:
  Which girls do you like best?
   你喜欢哪几个姑娘?
  What girls do you like best?
   你喜欢什么样的姑娘?

 说明2:
   Whom是who的宾格,在书面语中,它作动词宾语或介词宾语,在口语中作宾语时,可用who代替,但在介词后只能用whom, 例如:
  Who(m) did you meet on the street?
    你在街上遇到了谁?(作动词宾语)
  Who(m) are you taking the book to?
    你要把这书带给谁?(作介词宾语,置句首)
  To whom did you speak on the campus?
    你在校园里和谁讲话了?(作介词宾语,置介词 后,不能用who取代。)

 说明3:
   疑问代词用于对介词宾语提问时,过去的文体中介词和疑问代词通常一起放在句首,现代英语中,疑问代词在句首,介词在句未,例如:
 For what do most people live and work?
    大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么?(旧文体)
 What are you looking for?
    你在找什么?(现代英语)

 说明4:
   疑问代词还可引导名词性从句,例如:
 I can't make out what he is driving at.
  我不知道他用意何在。
 Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed? 
  你能告诉我床上的蓝衬衣是谁的吗?
 Much of what you say I agree with, but I cannot go all the way with you.
  你说的我大部分同意,但并不完全赞同。



5.11 关系代词

 1) 关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词,同时在从句中作一定的句子成分,例如:The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin. 跟我讲话的姑娘是我表妹。(该句中whom既代表先行词the girl,又在从句中作介词to的宾语。)

 2) 关系代词有主格,宾格和属格之分,并有指人与指物之分。在限定性定语从句中,that 可指人也可指物,见表:
      限定性   非限定性    限定性
      指 人   指  物   指人或指物
主 格   who    which     that
宾 格   whom    that     that
属 格   whose  of which/whose  of which/whose

 例如:
  This is the pencil whose point is broken.
   这就是那个折了尖的铅笔。
  (whose 指物,在限定性定语从句中作定语)
 
  He came back for the book which he had forgotten. 他回来取他丢下的书。
 (which指物,在限定性定语从句中作宾语,可以省略)

 3) 关系代词which的先行词可以是一个句子,例如:
  He said he saw me there, which was a lie.
  他说在那儿看到了我,纯属谎言。

 说明: 关系代词that在从句中作宾语或表语时可省略, 例如:
  I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew. 
   我过去懂拉丁语,现在大都忘了。
  He's changed. He's not the man he was.
   他变化很大,已不是过去的他了。



5.12 every , no, all, both, neither, nor

 1)不定代词有
 all , both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no 以及some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.等。
 
 2) 不定代词的功能与用法

  a. 除every 和no外不定代词既可用作名词,也可用作形容词。every和no在句中只能作定语。
   I have no idea about it.
 
  b. all 都,指三者以上。
   all 的主谓一致:all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。
   All goes well.  一切进展得很好。
   all 通常不与可数名词单数连用,如:不说 all the book,而说 the whole book。
   但all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用,如 all day,all night,all the year; 但习惯上不说 all hour,all century。
   all还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用,如 all China, all the city, all my life, all the way
 
 3)  both 都,指两者。
  a. both 与复数动词连用,但 both… and…可与单数名词连用。
 
  b. both, all 都可作同位语,其位置在行为动词前, be 动词之后。如果助动词或情态动词后面的实义动词省 去,则位于助动词或情态动词之前。
   Who can speak Japanese?  We both (all) can.
 
 4) neither 两者都不
  a. neither作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
  b. 作定语与单数名词连用,但neither… nor 用作并列连词,可与复数名词连用。其谓语采用就近原则。
  c. 可用于下列句型,避免重复。
   She can't sing,neither (can) he.

  neither 与nor
  d. 如前句是否定式从句,则主句用neither,而不用 nor。
   If you don't do it,neither should I. 如果你不干,我也不干。
  e. 如后连续有几个否定句式,则用nor,不用neither。
    He can't sing,nor dance,nor skate.



5.13 none, few, some, any, one, ones

一、 none 无
  1) none作主语,多与of 构成短语 none of。 在答语中,none可单独使用。      
  Are there any pictures on the wall? None.
  2) none作主语,谓语动词单复数均可。但如做表语,则其单复数与表语一致。
    It is none of your business.
  
二、few 一些,少数
  few 作主语时,谓语动词用复数,多用于肯定句。

三、some 一些
  1) 可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。
  2) 当做"某一"解时,也可与单数名词连用。(= a certain)
    You will be sorry for this some day.
    总有一天,你会后悔这件事的。
    A certain (some) person has seen you break the rule.
    某些人不同意你的看法。

注意:
  (1)在肯定疑问句中用some代替any。
  (2)some用于其他句式中:
    a. 肯定疑问句中:说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的,或期望得到肯定回答时。
    Would you like句式中,表委婉请求或建议,如:
      Would you like some coffee?
    b. 在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时,如:
    If you need some help,let me know.
    c.  some位于主语部分,
    Some students haven't been there before.
    d.  当否定的是整体中的部分时,some可用于否定句。如:
    I haven't heard from some of my old friends these years.
    这些年我没有收到一些老朋友的信。

四、any 一些
  1) any 多用于否定句和疑问句和条件状语从句中。
  当句中含有任何的意思时,any可用于肯定句。
   Here are three novels. You may read any. 这有三本小说,你可任读一本。

五、one, ones 为复数形式
  ones必须和形容词连用。如果替代的名词时无形容词在前,则用some, any,而不
用ones。
  Have you bought any rulers? Yes,I 've bought some.



5.14 代词比较辩异 one,that 和it

 one表示泛指,that和it 表示特指。that与所指名词为同类,但不是同一个,而it 与所指名词为同一个。
 I can't find my hat. I think I must buy one. (不定)
 我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。

 The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought. (同类但不同个)
 你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。
 
 I can't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it. ( 同一物)
 我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。



5.16 “the”的妙用

  He is one of the students who help me.
  He is the one of the students who helps me.
  他是帮我的学生之一。

  第一句定语从句与the students 一致。
  第二句定语从句与the one 一致。



5.17 anyone/any one;no one/none;every/each

1.anyone 和 any one
  anyone仅指人,any one既可指人,也可指物。

2.no one 和none
 a)  none 后跟of短语,既可指人又可指物,而no one只单独使用,只指人。

 b)  none 作主语,谓语动词用单,复数均可,而no one作主语谓语动词只能是单数。
 
 None of you could lift it. 你们中没有人可举起它。

 ---- Did any one call me up just now? --刚才有人打电话给我吗?
 ---- No one.            --没有。

3.every 和each
1) every 强调全体的概念, each强调个体概念。
   Every student in our school works hard. 我们学校的学生都很用功。
   Each student may have one book.. 每个学生都可有一本书。

2) every 指三个以上的人或物(含三个),each指两个以上的人或物 (含两个)。

3) every 只作形容词,不可单独使用。each可作代词或形容词。
   Every student has to take one.
   Each boy has to take one.
   Each of the boys has to take one.

4) every不可以作状语,each可作状语。

5) every 有反复重复的意思,如 every two weeks等; each没有。

6) every 与not 连用,表示部分否定; each 和not连用表示全部否定。
   Every man is not honest. 并非每个人都诚实。
   Each man is not honest. 这儿每个人都不诚实。



5.18 both, either, neither, all, any, none

  这些词都可用作代词或形容词。其位置都在be 动词之后,行为动词之前或第一助动词之后。

 1) both (两者都),either(两者中任何一个), neither (两者都不)。以上词使用范围为两个人或物。
  Neither of the two boys is clever. 两个男孩都不聪明。
 
 2) both,either
  both与复数连用,either与单数连用。

  Both the boys are clever.  两个男孩都很聪明。
  Either of the two boys is clever. 两个男孩都很聪明。
  There are flowers on both sides of the street.
  (两岸)
  There are flowers on either side of the street.
  (岸的两边)
  路边长满了野花。

 3) all (所有的,全部的人或物),any (任何一个), none (都不)。 以上词使用范围为三者以上。
  All the flowers are gone. 所有的花都谢了。
  I don't like any of the flowers. 这些花我都不喜欢。
  I like none of the flowers. 这些花我都不喜欢。

 注意:all与none用法一样。跟单数名词,用单数动词;跟复数名词,用复数动词。
    All of the students are there.
      所有的学生都在那。
    All (of) the milk is there. 
      所有的牛奶都在那。



5.19 many, much

  Many,much都意为"许多", many + 可数名词,much + 不可数名词。
   How many people are there at the meeting?
   How much time has we left?
   Many of the workers were at the meeting.
   Much of the time was spent on learning.



3.20 few, little, a few, a little

(a) few + 可数名词, (a) little + 不可数名词
 a few / a little 为肯定含义,还有一点
 few / little 为否定含义,没有多少了。
 He has a few friends.   他有几个朋友。
 He has few friends.    他几乎没有朋友。
 We still have a little time. 我们还有点时间。
 There is little time left.几乎没剩下什么时间了。

典型例题:
  Although he 's wealthy,he spends___ on clothes.
  A. little  B. few C. a little  D. a few
  答案: A. spend所指的是钱,不可数,只能用little或 a little. 本句为although引导的让步状语从句,由句意知后句为否定含义,因此应用little表示几乎不。

固定搭配:
  only a few (=few)  not a few (=many)  quite a few (=many)
  many a (=many)
  Many books were sold.
  Many a book was sold.
   卖出了许多书。
除了脚印,什么也不
该留下;
除了记忆,什么也不
该带走。
级别: 新手上路
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6  发表于: 2004-09-04   
VERY GOOD

GO ON!!!!!
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7  发表于: 2004-10-11   
I服了YOU!!!!厉害啊~~~不过我看不懂
☆銀色閃電★
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8  发表于: 2004-11-12   
不错,谢谢
交个朋友
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9  发表于: 2005-11-25   
xie xie
Rexchow
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