被动语态与系表结构的区别
江苏海门陈斌
所谓系表结构，是指“连系动词+用作表语的过去分词”结构。它与被动语态的形式完全一样，所以在应用时应注意它们的区别。
1. 从过去分词的功能上来讲，被动语态中的过去分词是动词，多强调动作；系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词，说明主语的特点、性质或状态。前者通常可用by +人或by+ 抽象名词表动作的执行者，而后者则不用，有时也间或使用by +物的形式。例如：
She was not badly injured but she could not speak . （系表结构）
She was injured by a wild horse . （被动结构）
The tree was uprooted when we saw it . （系表结构）
The tree was uprooted by the wind . （被动结构）
2. 从过去分词的修饰语来看，系表结构中的过去分词可被very , too , so 来修饰；被动语态中的过去分词多用much , so much , very much 等来修饰。例如：
He was very agitated . 他很激动。（系表结构）
He was much agitated by the news . （被动结构）
The man was too frightened to stand up . （系表结构）
3. 从修饰的过去分词本身的形式而言，一般地，以不规则形式的分词或-ed结尾的分词构成被动语态；以-en结尾的分词构成系表结构。例如：
Father was clean shaven . （系表结构）
Father gets shaved every other day . （被动结构）
She was stricken with fever . （系表结构）
She was struck by a snake . （被动结构）
4. 从谓语动词的特征上来讲，“be + 不及物动词的过去分词”通常是系表结构，如：be gone , be learned , be ashamed , 这些动词通常是表示状态、智力活动或心态的动词；“be +延续性动词的过去分词”通常是被动语态，如：be loved , be encouraged , be praised 等。例如：
She is reserved to become a ballet dancer . (系表结构)
The little girl is beloved by her parents . （被动结构）
The way was lost between the trees . （系表结构）
We students are encouraged to take the Public English Test . （被动结构）
5. 从时态特征上分析，系表结构没有进行时态，一般只用于一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时和过去完成时这四种状态；而被动语态的时态范围较广。例如：
The composition has been writen . （系表结构）
The composition is being written . （被动语态）
The house seemed occupied . （系表结构）
The house is being occupied by a group of teenagers . （被动语态）
6. “地点主语+be + 表示占据、充满意义的过去分词+with ”为系表结构，常用的这类动词有overgrown , packed , crowded , overrun , overcrowded , dotted , marked , stained , filled , stuffed , jammed , loaded , coated , decorated , ornamented , spotted, splashed , sprinkled , crowned , piled , heaped , sheeted , littered 等。例如：
The Fuji mountain was crowned with heavy snow .
The meeting room is now decorated with colorful papers and balloons .
