被动语态与系表结构的区别
江苏海门陈斌
所谓系表结构,是指“连系动词+用作表语的过去分词”结构。它与被动语态的形式完全一样,所以在应用时应注意它们的区别。
1. 从过去分词的功能上来讲,被动语态中的过去分词是动词,多强调动作;系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词,说明主语的特点、性质或状态。前者通常可用by +人或by+ 抽象名词表动作的执行者,而后者则不用,有时也间或使用by +物的形式。例如:
She was not badly injured but she could not speak . (系表结构)
She was injured by a wild horse . (被动结构)
The tree was uprooted when we saw it . (系表结构)
The tree was uprooted by the wind . (被动结构)
2. 从过去分词的修饰语来看,系表结构中的过去分词可被very , too , so 来修饰;被动语态中的过去分词多用much , so much , very much 等来修饰。例如:
He was very agitated . 他很激动。(系表结构)
He was much agitated by the news . (被动结构)
The man was too frightened to stand up . (系表结构)
3. 从修饰的过去分词本身的形式而言,一般地,以不规则形式的分词或-ed结尾的分词构成被动语态;以-en结尾的分词构成系表结构。例如:
Father was clean shaven . (系表结构)
Father gets shaved every other day . (被动结构)
She was stricken with fever . (系表结构)
She was struck by a snake . (被动结构)
4. 从谓语动词的特征上来讲,“be + 不及物动词的过去分词”通常是系表结构,如:be gone , be learned , be ashamed , 这些动词通常是表示状态、智力活动或心态的动词;“be +延续性动词的过去分词”通常是被动语态,如:be loved , be encouraged , be praised 等。例如:
She is reserved to become a ballet dancer . (系表结构)
The little girl is beloved by her parents . (被动结构)
The way was lost between the trees . (系表结构)
We students are encouraged to take the Public English Test . (被动结构)
5. 从时态特征上分析,系表结构没有进行时态,一般只用于一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时和过去完成时这四种状态;而被动语态的时态范围较广。例如:
The composition has been writen . (系表结构)
The composition is being written . (被动语态)
The house seemed occupied . (系表结构)
The house is being occupied by a group of teenagers . (被动语态)
6. “地点主语+be + 表示占据、充满意义的过去分词+with ”为系表结构,常用的这类动词有overgrown , packed , crowded , overrun , overcrowded , dotted , marked , stained , filled , stuffed , jammed , loaded , coated , decorated , ornamented , spotted, splashed , sprinkled , crowned , piled , heaped , sheeted , littered 等。例如:
The Fuji mountain was crowned with heavy snow .
The meeting room is now decorated with colorful papers and balloons .